Cavorite

Cavorite

According to Federationalists, Cavorite is a chemical element listed on the Table of Elements, a member of the Transonic series. The element Cavorite had the symbol "CO", which is the same atomic symbol (half-capitalized) used for cobalt (Co). Capitalization counts. We know it is as an alloy of several metals with particular oscillating capacitance capacity.

Cavor's Gravity Devices

Cavor's Gravity Devices was a business establishment, a merchant of technology mostly regulating gravity, located on the Promenade of Starbase Deep Space 9 at near the space station central core room address 01-332. The company name was also listed on a directory graphic on the Promenade. In the year 2374, Cavor's Gravity Devices had a display of several items, including anti-grav balls.

History

Doctor Selwyn Cavor was a 19th century Humani male scientist and inventor who discovered the mineral which he (HUMBLY) named Cavorite. Much of the details of Doctor Cavor’s life is lost to history, but is commemorated as a fictional character in the H.G. Wells novel 'The First Men in the Moon', and was also referenced in Wells' more popular novel 'The War of the Worlds'.

On the 14th of October 1897, Cavorite was discovered accidentally by Doctor Selwyn Cavor who fused together a number of metals and certain other as yet unnamed things. Doctor Cavor intended to leave the mixture a week and then allow it to cool slowly. Unless he had miscalculated, the last stage in the combination would occur when the stuff sank to a temperature of 60 Fahrenheit.

Unknown to Cavor, dissension had arisen about the furnace tending. Gibbs, who had previously seen to this, had suddenly attempted to shift it to the man who had been a gardener, on the score that coal was soil, being dug, and therefore could not possibly fall within the province of a joiner; the man who had been a jobbing gardener alleged, however, that coal was a metallic or ore-like substance, let alone that he was cook. But Spargus insisted on Gibbs doing the coaling, seeing that he was a joiner and that coal is notoriously fossil wood. Consequently Gibbs ceased to replenish the furnace, and no one else did so, and Cavor was too much immersed in certain interesting problems concerning a Cavorite flying machine (neglecting the resistance of the air and one or two other points) to perceive that anything was wrong. And the premature birth of his invention took place just as he was coming across the field to my bungalow for our afternoon talk and tea.

..."You are quite clear that the stuff is opaque to gravitation, that it cuts off things from gravitating towards each other?"

"Yes," said I. "Yes."

"Well, so soon as it reached a temperature of 60 Fahrenheit, and the process of its manufacture was complete, the air above it, the portions of roof and ceiling and floor above it ceased to have weight. I suppose you know - everybody knows nowadays - that, as a usual thing, the air has weight, that it presses on everything at the surface of the earth, presses in all directions, with a pressure of fourteen and a half pounds to the square inch? "

"I know that," said I, " Go on."

"I know that too," he remarked, "Only this shows you how useless knowledge is unless you apply it. You see, over our Cavorite this ceased to be the case, the air there ceased to exert any pressure, and the air round it and not over the Cavorite was exerting a pressure of fourteen pounds and a half to the square in upon this suddenly weightless air. Ah! you begin to see! The air all about the Cavorite crushed in upon the air above it with irresistible force. The air above the Cavorite was forced upward violently, the air that rushed in to replace it immediately lost weight, ceased to exert any pressure, followed suit, blew the ceiling through and the roof off."

 -- From The First Men in the Moon, by H.G. Wells.

In July of 1898, criminal mastermind Fu Manchu stole Professor Cavor's precious Cavorite with plans of using it in the construction of a series of flying ships. At the behest of the British Intelligence agency MI5, members of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen broke into Fu Manchu's secret base in Limehouse and recovered the Cavorite sample. Fu Manchu's men burst into the chamber to stop them, but the group linked hands, and unlocked the mineral's containment device. The Cavorite propelled them through the top of the tunnel into the Thames River. The League brought the Cavorite back to their employers at British Intelligence, not realizing at the time, that they were actually delivering it into the hands of the "Napoleon of Crime", Professor James Moriarty.

On the 12th of April 1901. On Earth, in Kent, England, a British inventor-scientist named Doctor Selwyn Cavor tests a space vehicle designed to resist gravity using Cavorite casings. Cavor’s design had side effects which shifted him out of sync with the rest of the universe, depositing him far from Earth in the mid-23rd century.

The design of Doctor Cavor’s spacecraft:

The inner glass sphere can be air-tight, and, except for the manhole, continuous, and the steel sphere can be made in sections, each section capable of rolling up after the fashion of a roller blind. These can easily be worked by springs, and released and checked by electricity conveyed by platinum wires fused through the glass. All that is merely a question of detail. So you see, that except for the thickness of the blind rollers, the Cavorite exterior of the sphere will consist of windows or blinds, whichever you like to call them. Well, when all these windows or blinds are shut, no light, no heat, no gravitation, no radiant energy of any sort will get at the inside of the sphere, it will fly on through space in a straight line, as you say. But open a window, imagine one of the windows open. Then at once any heavy body that chances to be in that direction will attract us.

Thru the 20th century, Cavorite was only produced in relatively small quantities used for research purposes and was a coveted target for espionage to obtain the limited quantities.

In January of 1964, an Austrian scientist named Ferdinand Alt rediscovered Cavorite, a material that can cause items to defy gravity.

Carol Danvers had participated in experiments on Cavorite during her early days at NASA, where they found that the right balances of energy could make an anti-gravity system, or even power a faster-than-light engine. Besides NASA, other samples were known to be in possession of Advanced Idea Mechanics and the McCord Army Base near Spaulding, Georgia.

Description

Under certain conditions, Cavorite possesses gravity-blocking and anti-gravity properties, and can also shield other materials from its effects. Cavorite was designed to shield a craft from Earth's pull, allowing easier flight.

Cavorite is an experimental, potentially volatile substance with the ability to absorb, generate and amplify most any viable energy source well beyond its potency or natural limits. Through this high range energy matrix users can distort gravitational fields, enabling it to function as an ouranochronal anomaly which can theoretically enable FTL (Faster-Than-Light) warp drive that can push Earth's space vessels well beyond planetary orbit. If improperly charged without first focusing and refining the matrix flow, then it becomes a dangerously unstable explosive. It comes in two varieties, Man Made and the naturally occurring isotopes. The naturally occurring isotopes are more stable and less dangerous, as it can better channel and recycle the energies channelling into it without the more dangerous explosive feedback.

When a sheet of cavorite is prematurely processed, it makes the air above it weightless and shoots off into space.

Negative mass

Alas, poor Mass! I knew him, Ernst, a fellow of infinite curvature, of most critical density. I hath bore him on my back nine quintillion times.

Negative mass is thought to perhaps be a loophole in the equations of Newton and Einstein.

The characteristic of matter which we call mass is related to three quite different phenomena: inertia, gravity, and energy. We must distinguish inertial mass from gravitational mass and both from mass-energy. Inertial mass is Nature's way of telling you to stay where you are and continue doing whatever you are doing. It's the tendency of matter to resist acceleration or changes in velocity. The equation of Newton's second law, F=ma, is a mathematical representation of inertial force. The more massive (m) an object is, the more force (F) we have to use in pushing on it to make a change (a) in its velocity.

Gravitational mass has two aspects: a mass experiences a force in the presence of a gravity field, and it also produces a gravity field. Both of these functions are represented in Newton's law of gravitation: F = G*m1*m2/r^2. This equation says that an object with mass m1 experiences a force F when it is a distance r away from another object with mass m2. So m2 makes the gravity field and m1 experiences the force produced by it. Here G is Newton's gravitational constant (6.67*10^-11*N*m^2/kg^2). One purpose of G is to fix up things so we can use the same mass values in both inertial and gravitational contexts. And inertial and gravitational mass are always found to be equivalent. That's the basis for the Equivalence Principle, one of the basic assumptions of Einstein's General Relativity theory. The Equivalence Principle has been tested very carefully in the Eötvös-Dicke experiment.

Finally, there's the mass-energy, as embodied in Einstein's famous equation E=m*c^2, where E represents energy and c is the velocity of light. In normal MKS units c is a very big number (299,792,458 m/s). The equation says that you get an awful lot of energy when you convert mass into energy. That conversion could be done by lowering a mass m into a black hole on a super-strong and massless rope which turns an electrical generator as the mass was lowered. The amount of energy you could get from the generator by the time the mass m reached the event horizon of the black hole is m*c^2. A single kilogram (2.2046 pounds) of mass could be used in this way to produce 25 billion kilowatt-hours of electrical energy.

So what happens if we assume that we can have objects with negative mass? Let's start with the effects of a negative inertial mass. If we let the m in Newton's second law have a negative value then the object will behave in a way we can only describe as backwards or perverse. It will be accelerated in a direction opposite the direction of the applied force. If we push it north, it will accelerate south. I know people who behave with that sort of contrariness, but it certainly isn't a kind of behavior that can be observed in ordinary objects.

Negative mass in Newtonian gravitation has two implications. A negative mass in a gravitational field would experience a force in the opposite direction from the force which a normal mass experiences in the same field. It would also produce a negative gravitational field which would repel normal masses. A negative value of the mass-energy would mean that we could gain energy by creating the object, but it would cost us energy to get rid of it.

Newton's Theory of Gravity can't really be used as a reliable guide to the effects of negative mass, because it is only an approximation to the best gravity theory we have, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. British physicist Sir Hermann Bondi used Relativity Theory in the late 1950's to investigate the effects of negative mass. Bondi pointed out that when general relativity is considered purely as a theory of gravity, mass never actually appears. It first appears when the equations are solved in a way devised by the German physicist K. Schwartzschild. Then mass appears as a constant of integration. Bondi noticed that this mass constant could be made either positive or negative. He was able to show that when m is made negative, both the inertial and the gravitational mass effects are reversed. The results of Bondi's calculations can be summarized in a few words: a positive mass attracts all nearby masses whether positive or negative; a negative mass repels all nearby masses whether positive or negative.

It is not hard to interpret Bondi's result using Newtonian gravity. Consider first a small negative mass m- in the field of a nearby large positive mass M+. Because m- has negative gravitational mass, the gravitational force on it is reversed and pushes away from M+. But because m- also has negative inertial mass, it responds to this force reversely, so that it is accelerated toward rather than away from M+. The double change in sign (gravitational and inertial) results in no change on observed effect and attraction remains attraction. Now consider a small positive mass m+ in the field of a nearby large negative mass M-. In this situation, the gravitational field of M- is repulsive, as Bondi has calculated, and m+ is pushed away from M-. If we substitute a small negative mass m- for m+, the result is the same because of the reversal of both gravitational and inertial mass, as described above. So M- repels all masses, positive or negative.

There is a curious corollary of this result, which Bondi pointed out in his paper. Consider a pair of equal and opposite positive and a negative mass placed close to each other. The negative mass is attracted to the positive mass, while the positive mass is repelled by the negative mass. Thus the two masses will experience equal forces and accelerations in the same direction (in apparent violation of Newton's Third Law of Motion) and the system of two particles will accelerate, seemingly without limit. The negative mass will chase the positive mass with constant acceleration.

What about the mass-energy of a negative mass like m-? Bondi doesn't deal directly with this point, but the answer is implied by his calculations. It was mentioned above that if a positive mass m+ were lowered into a black hole on a strong massless rope that turned a generator, the energy from the generator by the time the mass reached the event horizon of the black hole would be m+*c^2. We can try the same trick with a negative mass m- and use this to measure its mass-energy. Since m- is also attracted to the black hole, it would appear that it should have the same mass-energy as m+. The problem comes in attaching the rope to an object with negative inertial mass. If we want to slowly lower m- into the black hole we have to support it by pushing it down, not pulling it up. Therefore, we have to do work against gravity to slowly lower m- into the black hole, and so its mass-energy is -|m-|*c^2. In other words, a negative mass will have negative mass-energy. It costs energy to get rid of it. The net mass-energy of equal positive and negative masses will be zero.

Antimatter does not have negative mass. We know this from experiments with antiprotons using the Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) in which antiprotons are scattered from normal matter protons at low energies. Antiprotons appear to have a negative electrical charge. But if they had negative inertial mass of the type Bondi considered, they would really have positive electrical charges but would appear to be negatively charged because they respond perversely to every electrical force applied to them. In analogy with the case of gravity, the anti-proton would be attracted to a nearby proton, but the positively charged proton would be repelled by the positive charge of the antiproton. The two particles would both accelerate in the same direction, with the anti-proton chasing the proton. No such bizarre behavior is observed in the LEAR experiments, which can be taken as experimental evidence that antiprotons have positive mass.

The idea that negative mass can be made to chase positive mass (or vice versa), producing uncancelled forces and free acceleration, sounds as if it has the makings of a space drive. However, the problem mentioned above of attaching the rope to m- applies here too. When we try to hitch up the negative mass to the floor of our space ship to make use of this free acceleration, its negative inertial mass produces a force in the opposite direction from that from the positive mass. The forces on the ship are equal and opposite, just as Newton said, and the space ship doesn't go anywhere.

The conclusion that we can draw from all of this is that The General Theory of Relativity does seem to have a loophole which would allow for the possibility of negative gravity from an object with a negative mass, but that kind of negative gravity doesn't appear to be very useful for flying around. If we wanted to use gravitational repulsion to float away from the planet, we would have to make the planet 's mass negative, not a mass on our "grav sled".

Reference: Hermann Bondi, "Negative Mass in General Relativity", Reviews of Modern Physics 29, 423 (1957).

Woodward Effect

See Dick.

See Jane.

See Dick's new spaceship.

See Dick run a fluctuating current thru mass-varying bank of capacitors mounted atop piezoelectric motion devices which moves the capacitors up and down and timing the upward push of the motion device to correspond to the mass minimum of the capacitor bank, reducing the net weight of the system, insulating his spaceship from the effects of Inertia.

See Dick's ship fly very fast, ignoring the pull of gravity.

Fly Dick, fly.

The Woodward Dean Fluctuation-Oscillator Mach Principle Inertial Drive, Reactionless Impulse Drive Substitute, is a means of propelling a ship (albeit slower than light) at very high accelerations by varying it’s mass via the Woodward Effect which utilizes the Mach Principle. The Inertial Drive mounts mass-varying bank of capacitors atop a piezoelectric motion device which moves the capacitors up and down. By timing the upward push of the motion device to correspond to the mass minimum of the capacitor bank, it reduces the net weight of the system. Varying the frequency greater than 100 kilohertz causes a net negative mass which propels the ship. Frequencies up to a gigahertz results in accelerations of up to 10,000 Gs. The Inertial Drive also acts as an inertial dampener for the contents of the interior, and a gravity screener up to said maximum of 10,000 Gs. This violates Conservation of Momentum (maybe, arguments persist on both sides), unless inertia effects via Mach’s Principle is indeed non-local; but everyone does it, this is how.

The Woodward Effect is a theory reliant on General Relativity Theory (GRT). Assuming that the "strong Machian interpretation" of General Relativity Theory (GRT)as well as gravitational inertia (like Wheeler-Feynman) radiation reaction forces hold, we see that when a particle is accelerated through a gradient, its rest mass should fluctuate around its average value during acceleration.

The general principle of the Woodward Effect that we shall use is that energy-storing ions experience transient mass fluctuations when accelerated. Further explanation: If you make the overall system oscillate (surrounding mass), and you time the movements of the inner mass with the oscillations, then you can selectively impart more momentum in one part of the oscillation than in another, for the overall system. This would create a net change in momentum for the system.

Artificial gravity is one of the most difficult subjects for science to explain.

Professor, James F. Woodward published in the prominent journal Foundations of Physics Letters about a successful test of Mach's Principle.

Mach's Principle suggests that inertial mass comes from the collective long-range gravitational forces on a massive object from all the other masses in the universe. Thus in an empty universe there would be no inertia. Mach said that inertial and gravitational mass must be the same because inertia is a gravitational effect. Albert Einstein asserted that gravitational and inertial mass are indistinguishable, calling it the Equivalence Principle.

What causes inertia is one of the mysteries of science.

In a small isolated room it would be impossible to tell from local measurements whether the room was on the surface of a planet with a 1G gravitational field or in a rocket ship accelerating at 1G through gravity-free space. The Equivalence Principle is generally accepted in physics, but its underlying basis in Mach's Principle has never been properly understood or tested.

The physical property of mass has two distinct aspects, gravitational mass and inertial mass. Gravitational mass produces and responds to gravitational fields. It supplies the mass factors in Newton's famous inverse-square law of gravity (F^2 = G*m1*m2/r^2). Blah blah blah, math and some blah, a little yadda-yadda. Inertial mass is the tendency of matter to resists acceleration. It is the mass factor in Newton's 2nd Law of Motion (F=m*a).

One of the deep mysteries of physics is the relationship between these two aspects of mass.

Woodward formulated a nonlocal mathematical theory embodying Mach's Principle that can be tested because it predicts a remarkable effect: if the mass-energy density of a system is made to change with time, the mass of the system should vary by an amount that is proportional to the second time derivative of the density change. ZOHMYGODZILLA CALCULUS TALK! Don’t sweat it, just think of it like any other kind of technobabble, except for the fact that it’s true. For example, if a 3 gram capacitor is charged positively and negatively by a voltage that varies as a 10 kHz sine wave and delivers a power of 100 watts to the capacitor, Woodward predicts that the mass of the capacitor should vary from its normal mass by about ±30 milligrams at a frequency of 20 kHz.

Simply put, Woodward thinks that inertia can be dampened thru a process. Think the famous Inertial Dampeners that the Federation uses and so spectacularly fail on tragic occasion. They create a field that somehow insulates the interior from the effects of inertia. According to Woodward’s theory, if you could screen out gravity, you could screen out inertia.

Woodward describes his method in terms of throwing a ball in the air. His explanation is reminiscent of the old puzzle of the Juggler and the Bridge: A juggler who weighs 252 pounds carries with him three juggling pins that weigh 6 pounds each. He comes to a bridge that has a precisely determined load limit of 260 pounds. How can he cross the bridge with his juggling pins without breaking the bridge? The conventional (but untrue) answer is that if he juggles the pins while crossing the bridge, at any given time he will be supporting only one pin (with the other two in the air), so his net weight should be only 252 + 6 = 258 pounds. Therefore, it is concluded, he can safely cross the bridge.

The actual situation is not so simple. Every time the juggler catches or tosses a pin, his hand experiences a downward reaction force. This force is added to his weight as he stands on the bridge, producing a momentarily "spike" of increased weight. Newton's 3rd law requires that the time-average of his weight, including the increase spikes, must be 270 pounds, the same weight as if he were simply holding the pins at rest. Thus, if he tries to cross the bridge while juggling he will surely break it.

Consider what happens if we provide the juggler with the advantages of Woodward's effect. Suppose that by some mechanism we can make the masses of the pins vary with time so that the weight of each has an average value of 6 pounds but varies with time between 2 pounds and 10 pounds. If we carefully match the weight variation to the juggling cycle so that the pins weigh only 2 pounds when the juggler catches a pin and throws it up, then his average weight while juggling will be only 258 pounds, the same as if he were juggling with three 2 pound pins. Then, assuming the bridge responds only to the average load, he can cross it without mishap.

This sounds equally implausible, but wait for it.

Woodward's test of Mach's Principle works in much the same way. He mounts his mass-varying bank of capacitors atop a piezoelectric motion device which moves the capacitors up and down. By timing the upward push of the motion device to correspond to the mass minimum of the capacitor bank, he attempts to reduce the net weight of the system, which is mounted atop a sensitive electronic scale. Woodward's published his careful measurements, they record a mass reduction of several milligrams as measured using signal averaging techniques to a statistical accuracy of 10 to 15 standard deviations. Woodward also reported a number of systematic checks which are in good agreement with the predictions of his theory.

Woodward's reported mass reduction effect is small, and both his measurements and his interpretation in terms of Mach's Principle need to be checked by others before they can be accepted as scientific facts. Taken at face value, his result is a remarkable demonstration that the mass and weight of an object can be reduced in the laboratory. This would be a new physical phenomenon that raises a number of interesting questions. How can it be reconciled with the laws of physics? Can the mass change be used to reduce the net system weight to zero or less (antigravity)? Can the capacitor mass be driven to momentary values of less than zero (negative mass) or does it plateau at near zero or zero? Woodward's paper does not confront most of these issues.

Trying to pore thru the technical data and the math, which is all still preliminary, my impression is reduce to near zero, but not eliminate and not negative. However, reduced mass or at least reduced inertia is still pretty useful.

(1) Conservation Laws: If the mass of an isolated object in motion changes spontaneously, either its kinetic energy or its momentum (or both) much change. In Woodward's paper, it is the momentum of the object that changes with the mass, while its kinetic energy remains constant. Thus, it is the law of conservation of momentum (Newton's 3rd Law) that is placed under attack by Woodward's effect.

In formulating his version of Mach's Principle, Woodward assumes that the interaction of the isolated object with the other masses of the universe is nonlocal, in analogy with the nonlocal character of quantum mechanics as demonstrated by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments. Thus, Woodward's effect implicitly assumes an immediate nonlocal momentum transfer between the varying mass of interest and the rest of the universe. Therefore Newton's 3rd Law is preserved, but in a rather peculiar way.

(2) Weight Reduction and Antigravity: Woodward's effect, as implemented in his measurements, produces a mass change of 0.1% or less. No Nobel Prize, but enough to get grant funding to see how feasible it might really be.

The question of burning interest is whether the weight reduction effect can be made large enough to produce actual lift against gravity. The answer appears to be possibly be yes. The weight reduction magnitude depends on the product of the mass variation and the acceleration applied to the varying mass by the piezoelectric motion device. The size of the mass variation depends on the amount of electric power flowing to the capacitor and on the frequency f of its charging current. The magnitude of the applied acceleration depends on the distance "stroke" of the piezoelectric motion device and on the square of the frequency (f^2) at which it is operated. This means that the overall size of the weight reduction should grow as the third power of the driving frequency (f^3). Yeah baby, that’s as simplified as I could make it.

Woodward's measurements at a frequency of about 10 kHz (a rather modest audio frequency) observed a weight change of about 1 part in 1000. Increasing the frequency to 200 kHz while holding the other variables fixed (if that is possible) should make the weight reduction considerably larger than the weight itself, therefore achieving lift. In other words, Woodward's effect, if it is real, should be usable as an antigravity device, in the sense that these terms are normally used in science fiction.

(3) Mass Reduction and Wormholes: Negative mass seems to be required to stabilize wormholes or to produce a "warp drive" of the kind described by Alcubierre. This raises the question of whether Woodward's effect could also be used to produce negative mass for this purpose.

For Woodward's apparatus, even if the weight were driven negative by the strong f^3 frequency dependence of the effect, the average mass of the capacitor bank would remain unchanged and its instantaneous mass, which depends only on the first power of f, would not be likely to go negative.

Woodward speculates on the possibility of producing negative mass, at least momentarily. This might be done by raising the frequency and power level at which the capacitor bank (or its equivalent) is operated. It is not clear, however, whether with available materials it would be possible to achieve a negative mass, even momentarily, or if this would be sufficient to produce a traversable wormhole, since the negative mass condition would exist, at best, for a very brief time period.

A major caveat, the Woodward Effect is dependent upon the non-local aspects of inertia and gravitation, so even if it could be used to create negative mass, it would only do so for an extremely small span of time, from the microsecond to the atto-second range depending on how strong the negative mass would be.

Mach's Principle and Weight Reduction:

James F. Woodward, Foundations of Physics Letters 9, 247-293 (1996).

Woodward Effect for Cavorite

My best explanation for Cavorite would be an alloy of metals in a certain structure which would act as the same sort as the Woodward Capacitor piezoelectric motion device. Mass-varying bank of capacitors mounted atop a piezoelectric motion device which moves the capacitors up and down; by timing the upward push of the motion device to correspond to the mass minimum of the capacitor bank, it reduces the net weight of the system.

An Aside: Gravitation Confinement Fusion

How I would apply artificial gravity would be Gravitation Confinement Fusion, it is essentially the fusion that happens at the core of the Sun.

The energy output of Gravitation Confinement Fusion is 3 to 9 times the energy output of even the best fusionable fuels, but requires pressures that one ordinarily only finds at the cores of stars. If the Woodward effect device can be built robust enough to handle sufficient amounts of power, the device should be able to the power sufficient for Gravitic Confinement Fusion.

The energy output of gravitic fusion is well studied and documented. The energy output of the sun is equivalent of an exhaust velocity 10% of the speed of light ranging up to 1/6th the speed of light for fusion that exists at the extreme temperatures and pressures of a supernova.

This is enough for me to calculate the thrust of gravitic fusion for a range of outputs.

Element Thrust (Gs)

Hydrogen (H) 10.0%Vex 77 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 10.5%Vex 82 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 11.0%Vex 87 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 11.5%Vex 93 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 12.0%Vex 98 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 12.5%Vex 103 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 13.0%Vex 109 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 13.5%Vex 114 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 14.0%Vex 120 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 14.5%Vex 125 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 15.0%Vex 131 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 15.5%Vex 137Gs

Hydrogen (H) 16.0%Vex 142 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 16.5%Vex 148 Gs

Hydrogen (H) 16.67%Vex 150 Gs